The effect of vibrotactile stimulation on hypoxia-induced irregular breathing and apnea in preterm rabbits

Background Manual tactile stimulation is used to counteract apnea in preterm infants, but it is unknown when this intervention should be applied. We compared an anticipatory to a reactive approach using vibrotactile stimulation to prevent hypoxia induced apneas. Methods Preterm rabbit kittens were prematurely delivered and randomized to either group. All kittens breathed spontaneously with a positive airway pressure of 8 cmH 2 O while they were imaged using phase contrast X-ray. Irregular breathing (IB) was induced using gradual hypoxia. The anticipatory group received stimulation at the onset of IB and the reactive group if IB transitioned into apnea. Breathing rate (BR), heart rate (HR) and functional residual capacity (FRC) were compared. Results Anticipatory stimulation significantly reduced apnea incidence and maximum inter-breath intervals and increased BR following IB, compared to reactive stimulation. Recovery in BR but not HR was more likely with anticipatory stimulation, although both BR and HR were significantly higher at 120 s after stimulation onset. FRC values and variability were not different. Conclusions Anticipated vibrotactile stimulation is more effective in preventing apnea and enhancing breathing when compared to reactive stimulation in preterm rabbits. Stimulation timing is likely to be a key factor in reducing the incidence and duration of apnea. Impact Anticipated vibrotactile stimulation can prevent apnea and stimulate breathing effort in preterm rabbits. Anticipated vibrotactile stimulation increases the likelihood of breathing rate recovery following hypoxia induced irregular breathing, when compared to reactive stimulation. Automated stimulation in combination with predictive algorithms may improve the treatment of apnea in preterm infants.