E-scooter Sharing Platforms: Understanding Their Architecture and Cybersecurity Threats.

E-scooter sharing platforms (ESPs) offer fast, affordable and flexible urban mobility solutions, with numerous benefits such as reducing traffic congestion, air pollution and carbon emissions. However, the long-term sustainability of the platform could be challenged by the threats and risks it faces because these can negatively impact the system and its users. The potential consequences may include the abuse of system resources, manipulation, denial of service (DoS) or data loss. In addition, breaches of users' personal information endanger the reputation of companies and the privacy and security of users. This paper describes a typical ESP system architecture so as to provide a better understanding of the potential threats it faces. The paper also presents a categorization of the risks so as to provide solutions. Risks include data breaches, privacy violations, service disruptions, DoS attacks, firmware and software vulnerabilities, GPS spoofing and breaches of physical security, including theft and vandalism. The paper contributes to the progress and development of ESP and supports the development of effective strategies for its long-term sustainability and security.