Spectral CT vs. diffusion-weighted imaging for the quantitative prediction of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric cancer

Objectives To compare the performance of spectral CT and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for predicting pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). Materials and methods This was a retrospective analysis drawn from a prospective dataset. Sixty-five patients who underwent baseline concurrent triple-phase enhanced spectral CT and DWI-MRI and standard NAC plus radical gastrectomy were enrolled, and those with poor images were excluded. The tumor regression grade (TRG) was the reference standard, and patients were classified as responders (TRG 0 + 1) or non-responders (TRG 2 + 3). Quantitative iodine concentration (IC), normalized IC (nIC), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured by placing a freehand region of interest manually on the maximal two-dimensional plane. Their differences between responders and non-responders were compared. The performances of significant parameters were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic analysis. The correlations between parameters and TRG status were explored through Spearman correlation coefficient test. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was adopted to analyze their relationship with patient survival. Results nICDP and ADC were associated with the TRG and yielded comparable performances for predicting TRG categories, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.674 and 0.673, respectively. Their combination achieved a significantly increased AUC of 0.770 ( p ; 0.05) and was associated with patient disease-free survival, with hazard ratio of 2.508 (1.043–6.029). Conclusion Spectral CT and DWI were equally useful imaging techniques for predicting pathologic response to NAC in LAGC. The combination of nICDP and ADC gained significant incremental benefits and was related to patient disease-free survival. Clinical relevance statement Spectral CT and DWI-based quantitative measurements are effective markers for predicting the pathologic regression outcomes of locally advanced gastric cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Key Points • The pathologic tumor regression grade, the standard criteria for treatment response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients, is difficult to predict early. • The quantitative parameters of normalized iodine concentration at delay phase and apparent diffusion coefficients were correlated with pathologic response; their combination demonstrated incremental benefits and was associated with patient disease-free survival. • Spectral CT and DWI are equally useful imaging modalities for predicting tumor regression grade after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer.