Intraoperative teaching methods, models, and frameworks: A scoping review for surgical resident education.

BACKGROUND:This review aimed to consolidate the existing literature on intraoperative teaching strategies and highlight areas for future research. OBJECTIVE:The objective is to review the research conducted regarding the implementation of various teaching frameworks for surgical learners and to present their feasibility, benefits, and limitations within surgical residencies, as well as areas for future research. METHODS:Two independent investigators searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ERIC and reviewed articles on intraoperative teaching strategies for surgical resident education. RESULTS:3050 abstracts were reviewed, and 66 studies (2.2%) were included. The most common study type was single cohort studies (33%), followed by survey studies (17%). The majority of articles were carried out in General Surgery (50%), or a combination of surgical specialties (17%). CONCLUSIONS:The BID model encompasses perioperative teaching time points and suggests a universal organizational approach to intraoperative teaching that would likely be compatible with documented competency assessments for residents.