Heat inactivation of aqueous viable norovirus and MS2 bacteriophage

Aims This study aimed to compare the heat inactivation kinetics of viable human norovirus with the surrogate, MS2 bacteriophage as well as assess the decay of the RNA signal.Methods and results Human intestinal enteroids were used to analyze the heat inactivation kinetics of viable human norovirus compared to the surrogate MS2 bacteriophage, which was cultured using a plaque assay. Norovirus decay rates were 0.22 min-1, 0.68 min-1, and 1.11 min-1 for 50 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 70 degrees C, respectively, and MS2 bacteriophage decay rates were 0.0065 min-1, 0.045 min-1, and 0.16 min-1 for 50 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 70 degrees C, respectively. Norovirus had significantly higher decay rates than MS2 bacteriophage at all tested temperatures (P = .002-.007). No decrease of RNA titers as measured by reverse transcription-PCR for both human norovirus and MS2 bacteriophage over time was observed, indicating molecular methods do not accurately depict viable human norovirus after heat inactivation and treatment efficiency is underestimated.Conclusions Overall, our data demonstrate that MS2 bacteriophage is a conservative surrogate to measure heat inactivation and potentially overestimates the infectious risk of norovirus. Furthermore, this study corroborates that measuring viral RNA titers, as evaluated by PCR methods, does not correlate with the persistence of viable norovirus under heat inactivation.