Immunomodulation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis based 3D-Printed bioceramics for High-Performance bone regeneration

Personalized repair of bone defects remains a tremendous clinical challenge. Developing 3D-printed bioceramics with excellent osteogenic potential is an effective therapeutic strategy to overcome this challenge. In this study, we prepared composite bioceramics (designated as CSC-DBM) with immunomodulatory, vascularization, and osteogenesis based on calcium silicate (CS) bioceramics, calcium sulfate (CSH), and decalcified bone matrix (DBM). CSC-DBM bioceramics has an unmatched biomineralization potential due to the synergistic promotion of CS and CSH. Meanwhile, CSC-DBM bioceramics could effectively modulate the immune response, induce M2 macrophage polarization, promote vascular regeneration, and further enhance new bone formation. In summary, this composite bioceramics made of CS bioceramics, CSH, and DBM can provide a new solution for bone defect repair in the clinic.