Using ChatGPT for Science Learning: A Study on Pre-service Teachers' Lesson Planning

Despite the buzz around ChatGPT's potential, empirical studies exploring its actual utility in the classroom for learning remain scarce. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the lesson plans developed by 29 pre-service elementary teachers from a Korean university and assessing how they integrated ChatGPT into science learning activities. We first examined how the subject domains and teaching and learning methods/strategies were integrated with ChatGPT in the lesson plans. We then evaluated the lesson plans using a modified TPACK-based rubric. We further examined pre-service teachers' perceptions and concerns about integrating ChatGPT into science learning. Results show diverse applications of ChatGPT in different science domains. Fourteen types of teaching and learning methods/strategies were identified in the lesson plans. On average, the pre-service teachers' lesson plans scored high on the modified TPACK-based rubric, indicating a reasonable envisage of integrating ChatGPT into science learning, particularly in 'instructional strategies ChatGPT'. However, they scored relatively lower on exploiting ChatGPT's functions toward its full potential compared to other aspects. The study also identifies both appropriate and inappropriate use cases of ChatGPT in lesson planning. Pre-service teachers anticipated ChatGPT to afford high-quality questioning, self-directed learning, individualized learning support, and formative assessment. Meanwhile, they also expressed concerns about its accuracy and the risks that students may be overly dependent on ChatGPT. They further suggested solutions to systemizing classroom dynamics between teachers and students. The study underscores the need for more research on the roles of generative AI in actual classroom settings and provides insights for future AI-integrated science learning.