Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic panels under bird droppings accumulation using thermography

Bird guano accumulation is one of the environmental issues that could affect the performance degradation of solar photovoltaic modules (SPV). Therefore, the thermal behavior of SPV modules under different accumulations of bird guano (1, 2, 3, and 4 drops) has been investigated and evaluated. Also, the results have been compared with the clean module (control). The study found that the presence of bird guano on the SPV modules created hot spots on the panels’ surface, which increased their working temperature by 5