Induction of cervical disc degeneration and discogenic pain by low concentration Propionibacterium acnes infection: an in vivo animal study

Background Although cervical intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is closely associated with neck pain, its cause remains unclear. In this study, an animal model of cervical disc degeneration and discogenic neck pain induced by a low concentration of Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes -L) is investigated to explore the possible mechanisms of cervical discogenic pain. Methods Cervical IVD degeneration and discitis was induced in 8-week-old male rats in C3–C6 IVDs through the anterior intervertebral puncture with intradiscal injections of low and high concentrations of P. acnes ( P. acnes -L, n = 20 and P. acnes -H, n = 15) or Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus , n = 15), compared to control (injection with PBS, n = 20). The structural changes in the cervical IVD using micro-CT, histological evaluation, and gene expression assays after MRI scans at 2 and 6 weeks post-modeling. The P. acnes -L induced IVD degeneration model was assessed for cervical spine MRI, histological degeneration, pain-like behaviors (guarding behavior and forepaw von Frey), nerve fiber growth in the IVD endplate region, and DRG TNF-α and CGRP. Results IVD injection with P. acnes -L induced IVD degeneration with decreased IVD height and MRI T2 values. IVD injection with P. acnes -H and S. aureus both lead to discitis-like changes on T2-weighted MRI, trabecular bone remodeling on micro-CT, and osseous fusion after damage in the cartilage endplate adjacent to the injected IVD. Eventually, rats in the P. acnes -L group exhibited significant nociceptive hypersensitivity, nerve fiber ingrowth was observed in the IVD endplate region, inflammatory activity in the DRG was significantly increased compared to the control group, and the expression of the pain neurotransmitter CGRP was significantly upregulated. Conclusion P. acnes -L was validated to induce cervical IVD degeneration and discogenic pain phenotype, while P. acnes -H induced was identified to resemble septic discitis comparable to those caused by S. aureus infection.