Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Severity Are Partially Mediated by Chronic Stress—Evidence from a Large Integrated Healthcare System

Background Racial and ethnic minorities have experienced a disproportionate burden of severe COVID-19. Whether chronic stress, also disproportionately experienced by racial and ethnic minorities, explains this excess risk is unknown. Methods We identified 9577 adults (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with COVID-19 from January 1, 2020, through September 30, 2021, enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Georgia (KPGA) with complete biomarker data. Self-reported race (Black or White) was defined from electronic medical records. Chronic stress, defined as allostatic load (AL), a composite score (scale 0–7) based on seven cardio-metabolic biomarkers, was categorized as below (low AL) or above (high AL) the median. Severe COVID-19 was defined as hospitalization or mortality within 30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. The association between race, AL, and severe COVID-19 was assessed using multivariable Poisson regression. The mediating effect of AL was assessed using the Valeri and VanderWeele method. All results were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals. Results Overall, Black (vs. White) KPGA members had an 18% excess risk of AL (RR: 1.18, 95%CI: 1.14–1.23) and a 24% excess risk of severe COVID-19 (RR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.12, 1.37). AL explained 23% of the Black-White disparities in severe COVID-19. Conclusions In our study, chronic stress, characterized by AL, partially mediated Black-White disparities in severe COVID-19 outcomes.