Assessment of ambient air quality in relation to the burning of firecrackers during the festival of Diwali: A case study of Jodhpur City (India)

The study attempts to examine the impact of firework activities during Diwali Festival on ambient air quality of Jodhpur city. Air quality parameters particulate matter of diameter 10 μm (PM 10 ), particulate matter of diameter 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2) , nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and heavy metals in PM 2.5 like Pb, Ni, Ba, Al, As and Sr are monitored at two locations, for 15 days, starting from 7 days before the festival of Diwali, on the day of the festival (Diwali) and 7 days after Diwali. On the occasion of Diwali, it was discovered that the 24-h average levels of various pollutants were significantly elevated compared to regular days preceding the festival. Specifically, at the HBO site, the concentrations were notably increased, with sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) reaching 5.62 times higher, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) at 3 times higher, particulate matter of diameter 10 μm (PM 10 ) at 2.35 times higher, and particulate matter of diameter 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at 1.01 times higher than the usual levels before Diwali. Similarly, at the PTMM site, there were substantial elevations in pollutant concentrations during Diwali compared to pre-festival days, with SO 2 registering 2.53 times higher, NO 2 at 2.37 times higher, PM 2.5 at 1.9 times higher, and PM 10 at 1.57 times higher levels than normal. Concentration of Al, Ba, Sr and Pb at HBO site and Al at PTMM site was highest on Diwali day. Air quality index which was in good category on normal days before Diwali, fell into poor category starting from the day before Diwali and remain in poor category on normal days after Diwali. The result indicates the worsening of ambient air quality during Diwali which can adversely impact the human health in terms of various respiratory complications.