Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Concept Review and Clinical Approach

Study Design: Narrative review. Objective: To provide an overview of the evaluation and diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). Summary of Background Data: DCM describes several etiologies of degenerative, nontraumatic spinal cord impairment. Early diagnosis and intervention can decrease neurological decline. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted. Results: The incidence and prevalence of DCM are increasing worldwide. Asymptomatic spinal cord compression can progress to cervical myelopathy. Static and dynamic factors contribute to spinal cord compression. Patients frequently present with decreased manual dexterity, gait instability, and neck pain. On physical exam, patients frequently present with upper motor neuron signs, a Lhermitte sign, a failed Romberg test, global proprioceptive dysfunction, and decreased pain sensation. Anatomic variation may complicate physical exam interpretation. The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale and Nurick Classification, based on functional impairment, provide diagnostic utility. Magnetic Resonance Imaging imaging is useful in narrowing the differential diagnosis, evaluating the severity of neurological impairment, and predicting disease progression. Conclusions: Understanding the pathophysiology of DCM and the diagnostic utility of the signs and symptoms of DCM is critical. The decision for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), laminoplasty, or combined ACDF and posterior cervical fusion is individualized for each patient.