Discovery of astragaloside IV against high glucose-induced apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells: Bioinformatics and in vitro studies

Objective: To examine the therapeutic mechanism of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) in the management of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury induced by high glucose (HG), a comprehensive approach involving the integration of network pharmacology and conducting in vitro and in vivo experiments was utilized. Methods: A rat model of diabetic retinopathy (DR) injury was created by administering streptozotocin through intraperitoneal injection. Additionally, a model of RGC injury induced by HG was established using a glucose concentration of 0.3 mmol/mL. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were captured 8 weeks after the injection of AS-IV. AS-IV and FBS were added to the culture medium and incubated for 48 h. The viability of cells was assessed using a CCK-8 assay, while the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using DCFHDA. Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-PI. To identify the targets of AS-IV, hyperglycemia, and RGC, publicly available databases were utilized. The Metascape platform was employed for conducting GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. The STRING database in conjunction with Cytoscape 3.7.2 was used to determine common targets of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and to identify the top 10 core target proteins in the RGC based on the MCC algorithm. qRT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of the top10 core target proteins in RGCs. Results: OCT detection indicated that the thickness of the outer nucleus, and inner and outer accessory layers of the retina increased in the AS-IV treated retina compared to that in the DM group but decreased compared to that in the CON group. Coculturing RGC cells with AS-IV after HG induction resulted in a significant increase in cell viability and a decrease in ROS and apoptosis, suggesting that AS-IV can reduce damage to RGC cells caused by high glucose levels by inhibiting oxidative stress. There were 14 potential targets of AS-IV in the treatment of RGC damage induced by high glucose levels. The top 10 core target proteins identified by the MCC algorithm were HIF1 alpha, AKT1, CTNNB1, SMAD2, IL6, SMAD3, IL1 beta, PPARG, TGF beta 1, and NOTCH3. qRT-PCR analysis showed that AS-IV could upregulate the mRNA expression levels of SMAD3, TGF-beta 1, and NOTCH3, and downregulate the mRNA expression levels of HIF1 alpha, AKT1, CTNNB1, SMAD2, SMAD3, and IL-1(i in high glucoseinduced RGC cells. Conclusion: The findings of this study validate the efficacy of astragaloside IV in the treatment of DR and shed light on the molecular network involved. Specifically, HIF1 alpha, AKT1, CTNNB1, SMAD2, SMAD3, and IL-1(i were identified as the crucial candidate molecules responsible for the protective effects of astragaloside IV on RGCs.