Methodology Advances in Vertebrate Age Estimation

Simple Summary This review introduces different methods for estimating the age of vertebrates for professionals in related fields and evaluates the accuracy of each method. Firstly, the degree of damage to vertebrates at the time of sample collection is classified. Then, the sample types and their applications are introduced, the most commonly used methods are listed, and methodological recommendations regarding accuracy are presented. Finally, the methods that will be used for vertebrate age estimation in the future, taking into account the current level of research and requirements, are predicted. This review is essential for promoting animal conservation and guiding the successful implementation of conservation management plans.Abstract Age is a core metric in vertebrate management, and the correct estimation of the age of an individual plays a principal role in comprehending animal behavior, identifying genealogical information, and assessing the potential reproductive capacity of populations. Vertebrates have a vertebral column and a distinct head containing a developed brain; they have played an important role in the study of biological evolution. However, biological age estimations constantly exhibit large deviations due to the diversity of vertebrate taxon species, sample types, and determination methods. To systematically and comprehensively understand age estimation methods in different situations, we classify the degree of damage to vertebrates during sample collection, present the sample types and their applications, list commonly applied methods, present methodological recommendations based on the combination of accuracy and implementability, and, finally, predict future methods for vertebrate age assessments, taking into account the current level of research and requirements. Through comprehensive data gathering and compilation, this work serves as an introduction and summary for those who are eager to catch up on related fields and facilitates the rapid and accurate selection of an evaluation method for researchers engaged in related research. This is essential to promote animal conservation and guide the smooth implementation of conservation management plans.