Personalized identification and intervention of depression in adolescents: A tertiary-level framework

Depression in adolescents is a significant public health chal-lenge with a high prevalence and negative outcomes.In the United States,the lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of major depressive disorder(MDD)among 13-to 18-year-olds were 11.0％and 7.5％,respectively,prior to COVID-19.The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the global trend of increasing rates of adolescent depression,with estimates suggesting that one in four youths is experiencing clinically elevated depressive symptoms.In China,the rate of self-reported depression among adolescents is 14.8％in 2022.The true prevalence may have been underestimated owing to potential underreporting and recall bias associated with retrospective assessments(Text S1 online).