miRNAs and genes as molecular regulators of rice grain morphology and yield

Rice is one of the most consumed crops worldwide and the genetic and molecular basis of its grain yield attributes are well understood. Various studies have identified different yield -related parameters in rice that are regulated by the microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are endogenous small non -coding RNAs that silence gene expression during or after transcription. They control a variety of biological or genetic activities in plants including growth, development and response to stress. In this review, we have summarized the available information on the genetic control of panicle architecture and grain yield (number and morphology) in rice. The miRNA nodes that are associated with their regulation are also described while focussing on the central role of miR156-SPL node to highlight the co -regulation of two master regulators that determine the fate of panicle development. Since abiotic stresses are known to negatively affect yield, the impact of abiotic stress induced alterations on the levels of these miRNAs are also discussed to highlight the potential of miRNAs for regulating crop yields.