Early intervention to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for high-risk infants

Many babies cared for on a neonatal unit are at risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The aim of early intervention (EI), therefore, is to support a child and their family to achieve the best outcome possible. Notably, EI is not one specific thing. The term encompasses a wide range of approaches and interventions that can vary in a number of ways, including who undertakes them, where they happen and when they start. There is debate as to the most effective approach, but the evidence supports the implementation of EI from soon after birth, continuing post-discharge. Furthermore, involving the parents in EI is critical, not only to ensure sustained effects throughout childhood, but also because of the beneficial impact on parental wellbeing. All in all, the evidence shows improved neurodevelopmental outcomes for children exposed to EI, particularly in the short-term. This review will explore what EI means in practice, considering the variations in application, as well as the evidence of benefit. It will also consider the limitations of current research.