Humid climate phases on the Island of Rhodes (Greece) during the late Pliocene at times of sapropel formation

The Island of Rhodes, located in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, is affected by an active convergent plate boundary. In this context, marine sediments of Plio-Pleistocene age have been uplifted and are outcropping along the eastern coast of Rhodes. These archives provide an excellent opportunity to unravel the hydrological and climatic changes of the region during the late Pliocene. Our results provide new evidence for a more humid climate and an increased precipitation on the island during times of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation maxima and related sapropel formation in the Mediterranean deep sea. The periodic occurrence of eutrophic conditions at the shelf and upper slope off Rhodes is indicated by the recurrent dominance of eutrophic indicator species (of the genera Bolivina, Eubuliminella and Rectuvigerina), simultaneously with a decline in diversity and oligotrophic indicator species. These conditions resulted from higher primary productivity, triggered by local effects, such as enhanced precipitation and river run-off, which consequently favors the appearance of eutrophic taxa. The ∆δ13C records of the epibenthic foraminifera Cibicidoides pseudoungerianus and the shallow infaunal species Uvigerina peregrina indicates a slight productivity decrease towards younger times.