Evolution of shallow volcanic seismicity in the hydrothermal system of La Soufrière de Guadeloupe following the April 2018 Mlv 4.1 earthquake

La Soufrière de Guadeloupe volcano is characterized by seismo-volcanic activity dominantly linked to an active hydrothermal system. This microseismicity is shallow, mainly triggered in swarms and characterized by repeating earthquakes. Four recurrent families of Volcano-Tectonic (VT) repeaters have been identified and the main repeater accounts for 80% of detections. Stacking repeating seismic waveforms produces MASTER events with a high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and thanks to the deployment of a temporary seismic nodal array, their absolute locations can be better constrained. Because we observe systematic positive residuals of P-wave arrival times at almost all stations, we investigate potential bias in the velocity model in the shallow part of the dome. By increasing the P-wave velocity and decreasing the VP/VS ratio from 1.8 to 1.69, we reduce these residuals and improve the local velocity model. We use this new velocity model to locate each VT event relatively to is own MASTER hypocenter. This procedure offers a new image of the hydrothermal seismic activity that we locate under the acid lake of the summit Tarissan crater, along a sub-vertical conduit. We also define a linear relationship between the logarithm of the peak amplitude of seismic events and their duration to obtain a pseudo local magnitude. The approach enables to accurately and automatically estimate the magnitude during the event detection. We show that after the occurrence in April 2018 of the largest earthquake (Mlv 4.1) since the last phreatic eruption in 1976–1977, the swarm frequency and amplitude increased significantly, and a new family of VT repeater emerges, accounting for up to 14% of detections. We show a quiescence in the main repeaters activity in the month following the April 2018 earthquake, suggesting a significant stress release within the volcanic system, which is likely related to dynamic stress changes rather than static stress variations caused by the earthquake. Moreover, we detect the emergence of a new family of repeaters 3 months after the event, located ∼100 m above the main repeater family, that could be related to a fluid pressure increase induced by the regional hydrological cycle, superimposed to the internal forcing driven by the hydrothermal system. Finally, using a statistical approach, we highlight seasonal periodicities in the number of events and the released seismic moment at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, with a dominant peak of seismic activity in October–November and a second, less significant, peak of in April.