Empirically derived dietary patterns are associated with major adverse cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and congestive cardiac failure in older men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project

BACKGROUND:Diet is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). OBJECTIVE:We evaluated the associations between empirically derived dietary patterns and MACE. DESIGN:Prospective cohort study. SETTING:The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project, Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS:539 community-dwelling older Australian men aged 75 years and older. METHODS:Men underwent dietary assessment using a validated dietitian-administered diet history questionnaire. Cox regression analyses were conducted between MACE and the three dietary patterns identified from factor analysis. Five-point MACE comprised of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), congestive cardiac failure (CCF), coronary revascularisation, and/or ischaemic stroke. Four-point MACE included the four endpoints of MI, CCF, coronary revascularisation, and/or ischaemic stroke, and excluded all-cause mortality. RESULTS:At a median of 5.3 (IQR 4.6-6.3) years of follow-up, the incidences were: five-point MACE 31.2% (n = 168); four-point MACE excluding all-cause mortality 17.8% (n = 96); all-cause mortality 20.1% (n = 111); CCF 11.3% (n = 61); MI 3.7% (n = 20); stroke 3.2% (n = 17); and coronary revascularisation 3.1% (n = 15). In fully adjusted analyses, compared to the bottom tertile, the middle tertile of 'vegetables-legumes-seafood' dietary pattern was associated with reduced five-point MACE (HR 0.67 [95% CI: 0.45, 0.99, P = .047]), and CCF (HR 0.31 [95% CI: 0.15, 0.65, P = .002]), whilst the middle tertile of 'wholegrains-milk-other fruits' dietary pattern was associated with increased five-point MACE (HR 1.78 [95% CI: 1.17, 2.70, P = .007]), four-point MACE (HR 1.92 [95% CI: 1.12, 3.30, P = .018]), and CCF (HR 2.33 [95% CI: 1.17, 4.65, P = .016]). For the 'discretionary-starchy vegetables-processed meats' dietary pattern, a higher score was associated with increased five-point MACE (HR 1.33 [95% CI: 1.09, 1.62, P = .004]), and all-cause mortality (HR 1.63 [95% CI: 1.26, 2.12, P < .001]), and compared to the bottom tertile, the top tertile was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR 2.26 [95% CI: 1.27, 4.00, P = .005]). CONCLUSION:Older men may benefit from consuming a 'vegetables-legumes-seafood' dietary pattern rather than 'discretionary-starchy vegetables-processed meats' and 'wholegrains-milk-other fruits' dietary patterns for the prevention of MACE.