Discovery of a trefoil knot in the RydC RNA: Challenging previous notions of RNA topology

Knots are very common in polymers, including DNA and protein molecules. Yet, no genuine knot has been identified in natural RNA molecules to date. Upon re-examining experimentally determined RNA 3D structures, we discovered a trefoil knot 31, the most basic non -trivial knot, in the RydC RNA. This knotted RNA is a member of a small family of short bacterial RNAs, whose secondary structure is characterized by an H -type pseudoknot. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest a folding pathway of the RydC RNA that starts with a native twisted loop. Based on sequence analyses and computational RNA 3D structure predictions, we postulate that this trefoil knot is a conserved feature of all RydC-related RNAs. The first discovery of a knot in a natural RNA molecule introduces a novel perspective on RNA 3D structure formation and on fundamental research on the relationship between function and spatial structure of biopolymers. CO 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).