Towards a lightweight security framework using blockchain and machine learning

Cyber-attacks pose a significant challenge to the security of Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks, necessitating the development of robust countermeasures tailored to their unique characteristics and limitations. Various prevention and detection techniques have been proposed to mitigate these attacks. In this paper, we propose an integrated security framework using Blockchain (BC) and Machine Learning (ML) to protect IoT sensor networks. The framework consists of two modules: a BC prevention module and a ML detection module. The BC prevention module has two lightweight mechanisms: identity management and trust management. Identity management employs a lightweight Smart Contract (SC) to manage the node registration and authentication, ensuring that unauthorized entities are prohibited from engaging in any tasks, while trust management uses a lightweight SC that is responsible for maintaining trust and credibility between sensor nodes throughout the network's lifetime and tracking historical node behaviors. Consensus and transaction validation are achieved through a Verifiable Byzantine Fault Tolerance (VBFT) mechanism to ensure network reliability and integrity. The ML detection module utilizes LightGBM algorithm to classify malicious nodes and notify the BC network if it must make decisions to mitigate their impacts. We investigate the performance of several off-the-shelf ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Complement Naive Bayes, Nearest Centroid, and Stacking, using the WSN-DS dataset. LightGBM is selected following a detailed comparative analysis conducted using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, processing time, training time, prediction time, computational complexity, and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) evaluation metrics.