Evaluating the Impact of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocols on Surgical Outcomes Following Bariatric Surgery—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials

Background Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes are evidence-based care improvement processes for surgical patients, which are designed to decrease the impact the anticipated negative physiological cascades following surgery. Aim To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) to evaluate the impact of ERAS protocols on outcomes following bariatric surgery compared to standard care (SC). Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4 Results Six RCTs including 740 patients were included. The mean age was 40.2 years, and mean body mass index was 44.1 kg/m 2 . Overall, 54.1% underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (400/740) and 45.9% sleeve gastrectomy (340/700). Overall, patients randomised to ERAS programmes had a significant reduction in nausea and vomiting (odds ratio (OR): 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.19–0.95, P = 0.040), intraoperative time (mean difference (MD): 5.40, 95% CI: 3.05–7.77, P < 0.001), time to mobilisation (MD: − 7.78, 95% CI: − 5.46 to − 2.10, P < 0.001), intensive care unit stay (ICUS) (MD: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.13–1.27, P = 0.020), total hospital stay (THS) (MD: − 0.42, 95% CI: − 0.69 to − 0.16, P = 0.002), and functional hospital stay (FHS) (MD: − 0.60, 95% CI: − 0.98 to − 0.22, P = 0.002) compared to those who received SC. Conclusion ERAS programmes reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting, intraoperative time, time to mobilisation, ICUS, THS, and FHS compared to those who received SC. Accordingly, ERAS should be implemented, where feasible, for patients indicated to undergo bariatric surgery. Trial registration International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO – CRD42023434492. Graphical Abstract