Perioperative, functional, and oncological outcomes after cryoablation or partial nephrectomy for small renal masses in solitary kidneys: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim This study aims to compare the perioperative, functional, and oncological outcomes of cryoablation (CA) and partial nephrectomy (PN) for managing small renal masses in patients with solitary kidneys. The study seeks to assess the efficacy and safety of both interventions, evaluating their impact on kidney function and their ability to mitigate cancer recurrence. Methods Searches were systematically conducted on PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, SinoMed, and Google Scholar, identifying seven observational studies. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v.12.0 and Review Manager version 5.2. Results for dichotomous variables are expressed using odds ratios, and weighted mean differences are used for continuous variables. Results Our findings revealed that patients undergoing CA experienced significantly shorter operative time ( p < 0.0001), reduced estimated blood loss ( p < 0.00001), a shorter length of stay ( p = 0.0001), and fewer postoperative complications ( p = 0.02) compared to those undergoing PN. Although the CA group exhibited a lower transfusion rate ( p = 0.69) compared with the PN group, the difference was not statistically significant. The combined data analysis demonstrated a significantly lower increase in serum creatinine levels after surgery in the CA group compared with the PN group ( p = 0.003). Similarly, there was a noteworthy decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate after surgery in the PN group compared with the CA group ( p < 0.0001). While not statistically significant, the CA group showed a lower postoperative dialysis rate ( p = 0.11). Regarding oncological outcomes, the analysis revealed no significant differences between CA and PN concerning local recurrence ( p = 0.2) and distant metastasis ( p = 0.12), respectively. Conclusions Our analysis indicates comparable efficacy between PN and CA in controlling tumour recurrence and metastasis. However, CA is associated with superior preservation of renal function, significantly enhanced perioperative outcomes, and fewer postoperative complications. Based on our data, it can be inferred that the scope for applying CA might be expanded to encompass more patients seeking a less invasive treatment option.