Phylogenomics reveals coincident divergence between giant host sea anemones and the clownfish adaptive radiation

The mutualism between clownfishes (or anemonefishes) and their giant host sea anemones are among the most immediately recognizable animal interactions on the planet and have attracted a great deal of popular and scientific attention [[1][1]-[5][2]]. However, our evolutionary understanding of this iconic symbiosis comes almost entirely from studies on clownfishes— a charismatic group of 28 described species in the genus Amphiprion [[2][3]]. Adaptation to venomous sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) provided clownfishes with novel habitat space, ultimately triggering the adaptive radiation of the group [[2][3]]. Clownfishes diverged from their free-living ancestors 25-30 MYA with their adaptive radiation to sea anemones dating to 13.2 MYA [[2][3], [3][4]]. Far from being mere habitat space, the host sea anemones also receive substantial benefits from hosting clownfishes, making the mutualistic and co-dependent nature of the symbiosis well established [[4][5], [5][2]]. Yet the evolutionary consequences of mutualism with clownfishes have remained a mystery from the host perspective. Here we use bait-capture sequencing to fully resolve the evolutionary relationships among the 10 nominal species of clownfish-hosting sea anemones for the first time ([Figure 1][6]). Using time-calibrated divergence dating analyses we calculate divergence times of less than 25 MYA for each host species, with 9 of 10 host species having divergence times within the last 13 MYA ([Figure 1][6]). The clownfish-hosting sea anemones thus diversified coincidently with clownfishes, potentially facilitating the clownfish adaptive radiation, and providing the first strong evidence for co-evolutionary patterns in this iconic partnership. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-5 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #F1