Active control of static pedal force direction decreases maximum isometric force output

Perfect mechanical force effectiveness in cycling would be achieved if the forces applied to the pedal were perpendicular to the crank throughout the full crank cycle. However, empirical observations show that resultant pedal forces display substantial radial components in recreational and even highly-trained elite cyclists. Therefore, we hypothesized that attempting to maximize mechanical effectiveness during the entire downstroke of the pedal cycle must be associated with a penalty that outweighs the benefits of perfect effectiveness. Twenty recreational cyclists performed maximum isometric voluntary contractions at five static crank positions in the downstroke phase of cycling for two testing conditions: (i) a non-constrained (NC) condition, where athletes were asked to produce the maximum force possible on the pedal without consideration of the force direction and (ii) a constrained (C) condition, with the instruction to produce maximal pedal forces perpendicular to the crank. Resultant force and effective force (force perpendicular to the crank in the NC conditions) were compared to the force in the C condition that was, by definition, perpendicular to the crank. Maximum effective force in the NC condition was greater (mean = 50 %, range = 38-69 %) than for the C condition across all crank positions. Applying forces perpendicular to the crank in the downstroke of the pedal cycle resulted in severe reductions in force magnitude, suggesting that coaches and athletes should not attempt to change cycling technique towards perfect force effectiveness.