On collisional drop breakup in orographic rain

Collisional drop breakup is one of the important processes during evolution of the rain drops and leads to modified shape of the drop size distribution (DSD), which is a primary parameter in rain retrieval in remote sensing techniques. Though several experimental and observational studies have been performed in the recent past on this aspect, the impact of the same in natural rain, particularly in orographic rain, is still poorly represented. The present study aims to examine and identify the rain conditions in which collisional drop breakup is prominent and is capable of modifying the shape of DSD in orographic rain over north-eastern India. The 2 -min averaged DSDs from four hilly locations are studied in both stratiform and convective rain types separately using ground-based DSD measurements. Even though drop breakup in intense to moderate rain seemed to be in notable percentage (0.2% - 11.2%), the low intensity rain also showed a considerable break-up signature (2.5% - 9%), depending upon the locations. The overall results showed that collisional breakup was more prominent in convective rain (1%-11%) than in stratiform rain (4%-5%), however, breakup is also seen primarily during stratiform rain in two of the locations. The Z -R coefficients are found to be significantly different for the break-up and non-break up cases. For breakup cases, both convective and stratiform rainfall shows an increase in intercept parameter for all locations. For stratiform rain types, the coefficient a and b ranged from 307.6 to 321.4 (167.1-178.7) and 1.27-1.37 (1.31-1.34) for rain with break-up (without break-up), respectively. In the case of convective rain, the coefficients were found to be in the range of 377.5-654.7 (270.4-641.3) and 1.28-1.42 (1.14-1.31) with break-up (without break-up), respectively. The results suggest that collisional breakup is an important process in orographic rain over North-Eastern India and it has to be taken care of, while studying rainfall over these regions, particularly in conventional radar derived quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE).