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Organic Polar Crystals, Second Harmonic Generation, and Piezoelectric Effects from Heteroadamantanes in the Space Group R3m

Kareem Abdur-Rashid, Shraman K. Saha, Jules Mugisha,Sam Teale,Sasa Wang, Meelad Saber,Alan J. Lough,Edward H. Sargent,Ulrich Fekl

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL(2024)

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Abstract
Polar crystalline materials, a subset of the non-centrosymmetric materials, are highly sought after. Their symmetry properties make them pyroelectric and also piezoelectric and capable of second-harmonic generation (SHG). For SHG and piezoelectric applications, metal oxides are commonly used. The advantages of oxides are durability and hardness - downsides are the need for high-temperature synthesis/processing and often the need to include toxic metals. Organic polar crystals, on the other hand, can avoid toxic metals and can be amenable to solution-state processing. While the vast majority of polar organic molecules crystallize in non-polar space groups, we found that both 7-chloro-1,3,5-triazaadamantane, for short Cl-TAA, and also the related Br-TAA (but not I-TAA) form polar crystals in the space group R3m, easily obtained from dichloromethane solution. Measurements confirm piezoelectric and SHG properties for Cl-TAA and Br-TAA. When the two species are crystallized together, solid solutions form, suggesting that properties of future materials can be tuned continuously. 7-halo-1,3,5-triazaadamantanes with halo=chloro, bromo form polar crystals from solution, exhibiting non-linear optical and piezoelectric effects. The chloro compound and the bromo compound form substitutional solid solutions.image
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Key words
adamantane,non-centrosymmetric materials,nonlinear optics,piezoelectric,second-harmonic generation
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