Biomedical and ecosafety assessment of marine fish collagen capped silver nanoparticles

In the rapidly evolving landscape of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesis, the focus has predominantly been on plant-derived sources, leaving the realm of biological or animal origins relatively uncharted. Breaking new ground, our study introduces a pioneering approach: the creation of Ag NPs using marine fish collagen, termed Cl-Ag NPs, and offers a comprehensive exploration of their diverse attributes. To begin, we meticulously characterized Cl-Ag NPs, revealing their spherical morphology, strong crystalline structure, and average diameter of 5 to 100 nm. These NPs showed potent antibacterial activity, notably against S. aureus (gram -positive), surpassing their efficacy against S. typhi (gram -negative). Additionally, Cl-Ag NPs effectively hindered the growth of MRSA biofilms at 500 mu g/mL. Impressively, they demonstrated substantial antioxidant capabilities, out performing standard gallic acid. Although higher concentrations of Cl-Ag NPs induced hemolysis (41.804 %), lower concentrations remained non hemolytic. Further evaluations delved into the safety and potential applications of Cl-Ag NPs. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HEK 293 and HeLa cells revealed dose-dependent toxicity, with IC50 of 75.28 mu g/mL and 79.13 mu g/mL, respectively. Furthermore, Cl-Ag NPs affected seed germination, root, and shoot lengths in Mung plants, underscoring their relevance in agriculture. Lastly, zebrafish embryo toxicity assays revealed notable effects, particularly at 500 mu g/mL, on embryo morphology and survival rates at 96 hpf. In conclusion, our study pioneers the synthesis and multifaceted evaluation of Cl-Ag NPs, offering promise for their use as versatile nano therapeutics in the medical field and as high -value collagenbased nanobiomaterial with minimal environmental impact.