Error correctable efficient quantum homomorphic encryption using Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes

To achieve fault-tolerant and secure cloud quantum computing, integrating quantum error correction codes and quantum homomorphic encryption schemes is essential. However, significant overhead challenges incurred in these schemes necessitate their efficiency. This study developed an efficient quantum homomorphic encryption based on quantum error correction codes. The proposed encryption scheme used a single encoding process to accomplish encryption and encoding. Using a longer quantum error-correcting code simultaneously improved the security and error correction capabilities. Based on the permutation key, the number of combinations exhibited an exponential growth of n^n compared with the conventional order of 2^n.