Constructing Novel High Dielectric Constant Polyimides Containing Dipolar Pendant Groups with Enhanced Orientational Polarization

Polymer dielectrics with high dielectric constant are urgently demanded for potential electrical and pulsed power applications. The design of polymers with side chains containing dipolar groups is considered an effective method for preparing materials with a high dielectric constant and low loss. This study synthesizes and comprehensively compare the dielectric properties of novel polyimides with side chains containing urea (BU-PI), carbamate (BC-PI), and sulfonyl (BS-PI) functional groups. The novel polyimides exhibit relatively high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss values due to the enhanced orientational polarization and suppressed dipole-dipole interactions of dipolar groups. In particular, BU-PI containing urea pendant groups presents the highest dielectric constant of 6.14 and reasonably low dielectric loss value of 0.0097. The strong gamma transitions with low activation energies derived from dielectric spectroscopy measurements have been further evaluated to demonstrate the enhanced free rotational motion of urea pendant dipoles. In energy storage applications, BU-PI achieves a discharged energy density of 6.92 J cm-3 and a charge-discharge efficiency above 83% at 500 MV m-1. This study demonstrates that urea group, as dipolar pendant group, can provide polymers with better dielectric properties than the most commonly used sulfonyl groups. The relatively high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss values for novel polyimides containing high dipolar urea pendant groups are achieved due to the enhanced orientational polarization and suppressed dipole-dipole interactions of dipolar groups. The strong gamma transitions with low activation energies shed light on the origin of the enhanced free rotational motion of urea pendant dipoles.image