Soil health increases primary productivity across Europe

A healthy soil is at the core of sustainable management and policy, but its importance for plant productivity across environmental gradients and land-use types remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a pan-European field study including 588 sites from 27 countries to investigate the link between soil health and primary productivity across three major land-use types: woodlands, grasslands, and croplands. We found that mean soil health (a composite index based on soil properties, biodiversity, and plant disease control) in woodlands was 31.4% higher than in grasslands, and 76.1% higher than in croplands. Soil health was positively linked to cropland and grassland productivity at the continental scale. Woodland productivity was best explained by climate. Among microbial diversity indicators, we observed a positive association between the richness of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and primary productivity. Among microbial functional groups, we found that nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi positively related to primary productivity in croplands and grasslands, while plant pathogens showed a negative relationship. Together, our results point to the importance of soil biodiversity and soil health for maintaining primary productivity across contrasting land-use types. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.