Adverse effects of veterinary drugs, removal processes and mechanisms: A review

Veterinary drugs are necessary for both disease treatment and prevention, as well as for promoting the growth of livestock animals. However, if the drugs are used improperly, they may contaminate freshwater either directly or indirectly, which might have adverse impacts on non-target organisms. This review article provides an exhaustive analysis of the adverse effects of veterinary drugs, their environmental impact, and the exploration of various removal processes and mechanisms. The study initially focuses on the diverse classes of veterinary drugs, emphasizing their potential adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial species and their persistence in ecosystems, then delves into the mechanisms and processes for removing these drugs from the environment. It critically evaluates the effectiveness and ecological implications of both traditional and advanced techniques, including nanotechnology-based solutions, bioremediation, and chemical degradation processes, assessing their efficiency and environmental implications. Innovative and environmentally friendly methods that reduce harm to the environment are given particular consideration. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges arising from veterinary medications in the environment by integrating the results of several studies. It identifies gaps in current knowledge and removal methods, suggesting future research directions for more effective and environmentally sustainable solutions and better management of veterinary drugs. The review aims to inform and guide researchers, practitioners, and policymakers towards better management of veterinary drugs, ultimately contributing to enhanced environmental safety and sustainability.