Recent advances on palladium incorporated clay-based heterogeneous catalyst for carbon–carbon coupling reactions

In recent years, heterogeneous catalysts have been developed due to their inherent activity, easily recoverable and reusable nature, and eco-friendly nature. The palladium nanoparticles have excellent catalytic activity due to their outstanding performance as catalysts for various chemical reactions. Palladium nanoparticle-incorporated clay-supported heterogeneous composites have been developed recently and possess excellent activity as catalysts for various organic transformations. Palladium nanoparticle-supported clay materials have a high surface area, porosity, ion exchangeability, and binding nature. Due to these criteria, clay-palladium composites act as better catalysts. This review has tried to accentuate the potential advantages of the clay-based heterogeneous catalyst in various carbon–carbon coupling reactions. This review detailed the clay-supported palladium nanoparticles used as catalysts for the construction of C–C moieties, like Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Ullmann coupling, and Heck coupling reactions. The advantages and merits of clay-supported palladium catalysts compared with normal conventional methods are easily recovered and reused, reduced palladium metal leaching, and reduced byproduct formation. Graphical abstract