Hybridization barriers between the congeneric antarctic notothenioid fish Notothenia coriiceps and Notothenia rossii

Hybridization between species and the establishment of hybridization barriers can influence the diversification of species. Antarctic notothenioid fishes represent a prime example of marine adaptive radiation that diversified in the icy waters of Antarctica from an ancestral population that innovated antifreeze glycoproteins. The processes by which Antarctic notothenioid species evolved, however, remain elusive, and interspecific hybridization or the establishment of hybridization barriers between lineages may have influenced species diversification. To evaluate the current hybridization potential of notothenioids, we performed an experimental in vitro fertilization cross between two sympatric and congeneric notothen species using oocytes from the bullhead notothen Notothenia coriiceps and sperm from the marbled notothen N. rossii . Resulting embryos developed to late gastrula/early neurula stages and then suddenly died. Genetic analyses of embryos and parents demonstrated that the embryos lacked detectable paternal DNA and were thus gynogenetic. While premating barriers are likely to exist between the two species, this experiment suggests a strong postmating, prezygotic reproductive barrier preventing hybridization between the sister species due to gametic incompatibility in this directional cross. Our study provides novel information on mechanisms that may have contributed to the divergence and maintenance of these two ecologically important congeneric species.