The structure of the mantle transition zone and its implications for mantle upwelling beneath the central Tibetan plateau from triplicated P-waveforms modeling

The Tibetan plateau is considered as an ideal place for studying the continental collisions, tectonic movements and regional geodynamics. Although multiple episodes of igneous activities in Tibetan plateau have been suggested derived from mantle upwelling, their origins and corresponding geodynamic models remain vigorously debate. This study presents a high -resolution upper mantle velocity model of P -wave and its lateral variation beneath the central Tibetan plateau based on triplicated waveform modeling. The results show that, compared with IASP91 model, the 660 -km discontinuity is deepened approximately 17-28 km from the Qiangtang terrane to the Beishan block. The lower mantle transition zone (MTZ) is characterized by high P -wave velocity anomalies (HVA) in range of 0.3%-0.9%. We infer that they are mainly related to the hydrous materials with low temperature in the lower MTZ. Besides, the depression of the 410 -km discontinuity is about 6-15 km. A remarkable low velocity layer (LVL) is detected atop the 410 -km discontinuity, exhibiting the thickness of 31-40 km and low P -wave velocity anomaly of -2.5% to -1.6%. This is against completely temperature -dominated origin of the LVL, and suggests that the material composition has also contributes. Additionally, we propose a new geodynamic model to demonstrate the asthenospheric upwelling beneath the Qiangtang and Songpan-Ganzi terranes, which suggests that the passively ascending water -enriched materials from the lower MTZ and their dehydration are responsible for the observed LVL atop the 410 -km discontinuity, as well as the origin of the Cenozoic magmatic intrusion and volcanic eruption of the northern Tibet volcano in Pleistocene.