Fabrication and Partial Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles From Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Leaves and Their Antibacterial Efficacy Against Oral Bacteria

Background: Scientists are currently investigating ecologically sound and enduring techniques for nanoparticle production. Utilizing natural sources such as plant extracts provides an environmentally friendly and economically efficient method. Avicennia marina, also referred to as the gray mangrove, is predominantly located in coastal regions. The leaves of this plant may contain bioactive metabolites that can be used to synthesize nanoparticles. Objectives: This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using A. marina leaf extract and subsequently assess their antibacterial properties against oral pathogens. Materials and methods: The present research involved the successful synthesis of AgNPs using an environmentally sustainable method employing the leaf extract of A. marina. The reduction of Ag ions to AgNPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy. This analytical technique revealed the presence of a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak at approximately 420 nm, which is indicative of the formation of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) operating within the frequency range of 500-3500 cm-1 and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology of the image indicated agglomeration of the nanoparticles, with distinct particles ranging from 10 to 20 nm and dense rod-shape, which was carried out from Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. In energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), a strong signal and maximum formation percentage were received at 42.7%, assigned to the element silver. Results: AgNPs showed significant antibacterial efficacy against both gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans, and gram -negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella sp. In general, the use of A. marina leaf extract for the green synthesis of AgNPs is a viable and environmentally friendly approach for producing nanoparticles that exhibit favorable biological properties. Consequently, these nanoparticles hold considerable appeal as potential candidates for a range of biomedical applications, particularly as antibacterial agents. Conclusion: The synthesis of AgNPs using A. marina leaf extract shows great potential in the field of creating nanomaterials that are compatible with biological systems and is promising for a wide range of clinical applications. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive scientific research and rigorous clinical trials to effectively apply these discoveries to real-world medical interventions, while prioritizing patient safety and therapeutic effectiveness.