First report of Kudoa species (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) infection in purple-spotted Bigeye (Priacanthus tayenus) from the Saudi Arabian Gulf

The purple-spotted bigeye, Priacanthus tayenus, is a marine benthic fish native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia. This study identified a myxozoan parasite infecting wild P. tayenus from the Saudi Arabian Gulf. These parasites produced spherical to ovoid-shaped, white plasmodia enclosed within pseudocysts in the fish musculature. The annual infection rate was 5.1%, with the highest prevalence in summer (7.6%), followed by spring (6%), and autumn (2.5%), while no infections were observed in winter. The number of plasmodia per fish ranged from 100 to 150 (135.1 +/- 16.2). Their dimensions were 4-4.7 mm (4.3 +/- 0.3 mm) in length and 4.5-7 mm (6 +/- 1.1 mm) in width. Milky-colored exudates within the plasmodia contained mature spores measuring 8-9 mu m (8.6 +/- 0.4 mu m) x 6-7.5 mu m (6.9 +/- 0.5 mu m). The polar capsules of the spores exhibited dimensions of 2-5 mu m (3.5 +/- 0.5 mu m) x 2.5-4.5 mu m (3 +/- 0.45 mu m). Both morphological and genetic analyses confirmed these plasmodia as a novel Kudoa species. Histopathological examination revealed atrophy in the surrounding muscles without an inflammatory response. This study documents the first occurrence of a novel Kudoa sp. in P. tayenus at the Jubail landing site in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for further surveillance and investigations to elucidate its pathogenesis and implications for wild fish stocks.