Anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a child with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis on hemodialysis

Background Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is exceedingly rare in children on dialysis, resulting from poor perfusion of the optic nerve, and presents as sudden acute painless vision loss. Case–diagnosis/treatment We report the case of a 3-year-old male with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD 5) due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) status post-bilateral nephrectomy on chronic hemodialysis who had acute loss of vision several hours after a hemodialysis session. Earlier that day, he had a drop in blood pressure intra-dialysis to 89/67 mmHg, with at home blood pressures ranging 90/60 to 150/100 mmHg. The patient was treated with tight blood pressure control to maintain blood flow and prevent blood pressure lability, received high-dose corticosteroids with a corticosteroid taper, and placed on high-dose erythropoietin for neuroprotective effect. He regained partial vision beginning approximately 1 month after presentation. Conclusions The exact cause of our patient’s simultaneous bilateral anterior and posterior ION, confirmed via MRI and fundoscopic examination, is unclear; however, is likely secondary to a combination of fluctuating blood pressure, anemia, anephric status, and hemodialysis. This highlights the need for close blood pressure monitoring, management of anemia, and more diligent ophthalmologic screening in pediatric patients on chronic hemodialysis.