Spatial and seasonal variability in volatile organic sulfur compounds in seawater and the overlying atmosphere of the Bohai and Yellow seas

Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs), including carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) , dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and carbonyl sulfide (COS), were surveyed in the seawater of the Bohai and Yellow seas and the overlying atmosphere during spring and summer of 2018 to understand the production and loss of VSCs and their influence factors. The concentration ranges of COS, DMS, and CS 2 in the surface seawater were 0.14-0.42, 0.41-7.74, and 0.01-0.18 nmol L - 1 during spring and 0.32-0.61, 1.31-18.12, and 0.01-0.65 nmol L - 1 during summer, respectively. The COS concentrations exhibited positive correlation with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in seawater during summer, which verified the photochemical production of COS from chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). High DMS concentrations occurred near the Yellow River, Laizhou Bay, and Yangtze River estuary, coinciding with high nitrate and chlorophyll (Chl) a concentrations due to river discharge during summer. The COS, DMS, and CS 2 concentrations were the highest in the surface seawater and decreased with the depth. The mixing ratios of COS, DMS, and CS 2 in the atmosphere were 255.9-620.2, 1.3-191.2, and 5.2-698.8 pptv during spring and 394.6-850.1, 10.3-464.3, and 15.3-672.7 pptv in summer, respectively. The ratios of mean oceanic concentrations and atmospheric mixing ratios for summer to spring in COS, DMS, and CS 2 were 1.8, 3.1, 3.7 and 1.6, 4.6, 1.5, respectively. The ratios of the mean sea-to-air fluxes for summer to spring in COS, DMS, and CS 2 were 1.2, 2.1, and 4.3. The sea-to-air fluxes of VSCs indicated that the marginal seas are important sources of VSCs in the atmosphere. The results support a better understanding of the contribution of VSCs in marginal seas.