Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on functional brain networks in patients with schizophrenia

Background Schizophrenia is a kind of intractable brain disorder. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used to rapidly improve the clinical symptoms of patients with schizophrenia, but the effect of ECT on topological attributes of brain functional network in patients with schizophrenia has not been clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the brain functional network mechanism of ECT against schizophrenia. Methods Thirty-one patients with schizophrenia and fifty healthy controls matching age, gender, and years of education were included. All participants underwent general data collection and magnetic resonance imaging scanning before ECT, and clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). MRI and clinical symptoms were collected again after the first and eighth ECT application. The functional brain network was constructed on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging, and the global and node topological properties were analyzed. Repeated measure variance analysis was used to explore the changes of the topological attribute values and clinical symptom scores before and after ECT, and Bonferroni post hoc analysis was performed. The independent sample t-test was used to compare the differences in the topological attribute values between patients and healthy controls at three time points before and after ECT. Partial correlation analysis was performed for topological attribute values and clinical symptom scores of abnormal brain regions in the patient groups and their changes during ECT. A general linear regression model was used to predict the outcome after the final eighth ECT using the patient's response to the first ECT. Results (1) One ECT can restore the gamma(γ), lamuda(λ), sigma(σ), nodal global efficiency (Ne) of right insular gyrus ventral agranular insula (INS_R_vIa) and nodal local efficiency (NLe) of bilateral fusiform gyrus medioventral area37 (FuG_A37mv). Eight ECT can also restore the NLe of cortex rostral lingual gyrus (MVOcC _R_rLinG). Eight ECT did not improve the Ne of right superior parietal lobule rostral area 7 (SPL_R_A7r) and NLe of left superior frontal gyrus medial area 6 (SFG_L_A6m). (2) Even after only the first use of ECT, total PANSS scores began to decrease (mean ΔPANSS ECT1 was 11.7%; Range, 2%-32.8%), decreased significantly after the eighth application (mean ΔPANSS ECT8 was 86.0%; Range,72.5% to 97.9%). Five patients met the response criteria after ECT1 (20% reduction in PANSS total score), and all patients met the response criteria after ECT8. (3) Linear regression analysis showed that ΔPANSS ECT1 was a significant predictor of ΔPANSS ECT8 ( F =5.387, P =0.028), and ΔPANSS ECT1 explained 15.7% of the variance of ΔPANSS ECT8 ( R 2 =0.157). Conclusions ECT was able to normalize γ, λ, σ, Ne of INS_R_vIa, NLe of bilateral FuG_A37mv in SZ patients after the first treatment, and NLe of MVOcC_R_rLinG after the eighth ECT. ECT significantly alleviates psychotic symptoms in patients with SZ, and its efficacy after eight sessions can be predicted by the patient's response to the first session of ECT.