Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in PK-PD Modeling: Fad, Friend, or Foe?

Developing pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models requires a significant amount of time from highly skilled scientists and the demand for this expertise far outstrips the current supply. The use of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AL) in PK-PD modeling promises to reduce the number human supervision hours and improve predictive performance, but in its current form it suffers from various limitations. In this perspective, we aimed to structure the main trends and define boundaries and opportunities.