Review article: Current status and future directions of ingestible electronic devices in gastroenterology

BackgroundAdvances in microelectronics have greatly expanded the capabilities and clinical potential of ingestible electronic devices.AimTo provide an overview of the structure and potential impact of ingestible devices in development that are relevant to the gastrointestinal tract.MethodsWe performed a detailed literature search to inform this narrative review.ResultsTechnical success of ingestible electronic devices relies on the ability to miniaturise the microelectronic circuits, sensors and components for interventional functions while being sufficiently powered to fulfil the intended function. These devices offer the advantages of being convenient and minimally invasive, with real-time assessment often possible and with minimal interference to normal physiology. Safety has not been a limitation, but defining and controlling device location in the gastrointestinal tract remains challenging. The success of capsule endoscopy has buoyed enthusiasm for the concepts, but few ingestible devices have reached clinical practice to date, partly due to the novelty of the information they provide and also due to the challenges of adding this novel technology to established clinical paradigms. Nonetheless, with ongoing technological advancement and as understanding of their potential impact emerges, acceptance of such technology will grow. These devices have the capacity to provide unique insight into gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Interventional functions, such as sampling of tissue or luminal contents and delivery of therapies, may further enhance their ability to sharpen gastroenterological diagnoses, monitoring and treatment.ConclusionsThe development of miniaturised ingestible microelectronic-based devices offers exciting prospects for enhancing gastroenterological research and the delivery of personalised, point-of-care medicine. imageIllustrates the typical characteristics of each section of the gastrointestinal tract from oesophagus to large intestine (light blue) and many potential targets for ingestible electronic device technology (peach). H2, Hydrogen gas; cfu, colony forming unit; CO2, carbon dioxide.