A systematic review of nanocarriers for treatment of urologic cancers

•Nanocarriers (NCs), including lipid-based, nanoparticle albumin-bound, and polymeric varieties, have been explored in urologic cancers.•Phase I and II trials in bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers have primarily focused on safety and efficacy, with no reported phase III trials.•While nab-paclitaxel and liposomal doxorubicin are commonly used NCs in other cancer settings, their suboptimal efficacy prevents clinical use in urologic cancers.•Ongoing research in the field is investigating more advanced technologies like protein-targeting NCs and pH-controlled release particles, with some advancing to pre-clinical and phase I trials.