A comprehensive exploration of characteristics and source attribution of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in an East China megacity

A total of 84 PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) aerosol samples were collected between October 2020 and August 2021 within an urban site in Hangzhou, an East China megacity. Chemical species, such as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), as well as char, soot, and n-alkanes, were analyzed to determine their pollution characteristics and source contributions. The mean yearly concentrations of OC, EC, char, soot, and total n-alkanes ( n-ary sumation n-alkane) were 8.76 +/- 3.61 mu g/m3, 1.44 +/- 0.76 mu g/m3, 1.21 +/- 0.69 mu g/m3, 0.3 +/- 0.1 mu g/m3, and 24.2 +/- 10.6 ng/m3. The OC, EC, and n-ary sumation n-alkanes were found in the highest levels during winter and lowest during summer. There were strong correlations between OC and EC in both winter and spring, suggesting similar potential sources for these carbonaceous components in both seasons. There were poor correlations among the target pollutants due to summertime secondary organic carbon formation. Potential source contribution functions analysis showed that local pollution levels in winter and autumn were likely influenced by long-range transportation from the Plain of North China. Source index and positive matrix factorization models provided insights into the complex sources of n-alkanes in Hangzhou. Their major contributors were identified as terrestrial plant releases (32.7%), traffic emissions (28.8%), coal combustion (27.3%), and microbial activity (11.2%). Thus, controlling vehicular emissions and coal burning could be key measures to alleviate n-alkane concentrations in the atmosphere of Hangzhou, as well as other Chinese urban centers.