Associations Between Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Health in 6-Year-Old Children Born to Mothers With Increased Cardiometabolic Risk

Purpose: To assess associations between sedentary time (ST), physical activity (PA), and cardiovascular health in early childhood. Method: Cross-sectional study including 160 children (age 6.1 y [SD 0.5], 86 boys, 93 maternal body mass index >= 30 kg/m(2), and 73 gestational diabetes) assessed for pulse wave velocity, echocardiography, ultra-high frequency 48- 70 MHz vascular ultrasound, and accelerometery. Results: Boys had 385 (SD 53) minutes per day ST, 305 (SD 44) minutes per day light PA, and 81 (SD 22) minutes per day moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). Girls had 415 (SD 50) minutes per day ST, 283 (SD 40) minutes per day light PA, and 66 (SD 19) minutes per day MVPA. In adjusted analyses, MVPA was inversely associated with resting heart rate (fi = -6.6; 95% confidence interval, -12.5 to -0.7) and positively associated with left ventricular mass (fi = 6.8; 1.4-12.3), radial intima-media thickness (fi = 11.4; 5.4-17.5), brachial intima-media thickness (fi = 8.0; 2.0-14.0), and femoral intima-media thickness (fi = 1.3; 0.2-2.3). MVPA was inversely associated with body fat percentage (fi = -3.4; -6.6 to -0.2), diastolic blood pressure (fi = -0.05; -0.8 to -0.1), and femoral (fi = -18.1; -32.4 to -0.8) and radial (fi = -13.4; -24.0 to -2.9) circumferential wall stress in boys only. ST and pulse wave velocity showed no significant associations. Conclusions: In young at-risk children, MVPA is associated with cardiovascular remodeling, partly in a sex-dependant way, likely representing physiological adaptation, but ST shows no association with cardiovascular health in early childhood.