3D macro-element for innovative plug-and-play joints

This paper presents the development, implementation, and validation of a macro -element suitable for the linear analysis of innovative 3D plug -and -play joints between tubular columns and lightweight steel truss -girders. The macro -element is based on the component method, accounts for the three-dimensional interaction between the tube faces, and its components have a clear physical meaning. Simplified procedures are developed for the closed -form computation of the stiffness matrix of the macro -element based on the geometric and mechanical properties of the nodal zone. This facilitates practical application in everyday design scenarios. Furthermore, the macro-element's architecture is implemented in the framework of OpenSees as a standalone beam -tocolumn joint finite element. Validation of the conceptual design is accomplished through parametric studies, comparing its performance with models generated in higher -order finite element commercial software, Abaqus. This research offers a valuable resource for the linear analysis and design of innovative 3D plug -and -play joint connections in structural engineering, enhancing efficiency and reliability in construction practices.