De novo multi-mechanism antimicrobial peptide design via multimodal deep learning

Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven discovery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is yet to fully utilise their three-dimensional (3D) structural characteristics, microbial specie-specific antimicrobial activities and mechanisms. Here, we constructed a QLAPD database comprising the sequence, structures and antimicrobial properties of 12,914 AMPs. QLAPD underlies a multimodal, multitask, multilabel, and conditionally controlled AMP discovery (M3-CAD) pipeline, which is proposed for the de novo design of multi-mechanism AMPs to combat multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). This pipeline integrates the generation, regression, and classification modules, using a innovative 3D voxel coloring method to capture the nuanced physicochemical context of amino acids, significantly enhancing structural characterizations. QL-AMP-1, discovered by M3-CAD, which possesses four antimicrobial mechanisms, exhibited low toxicity and significant activity against MDROs. The skin wound infection model demonstrates its considerable antimicrobial effects and negligible toxicity. Altogether, integrating 3D features, specie-specific antimicrobial activities and mechanisms enhanced AI-driven AMP discovery, making the M3-CAD pipeline a viable tool for de novo AMP design. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have filed the following patent applications for this work: (1) Application No. CN 116153435A for the method for structural characterisation of peptides based on 3D voxel coloring (inventors: Y.W., Y.L., H.G., L.L., X.L., and X.Z.); (2) Application No. CN 116206690A for the method and system for generating and identifying antimicrobial peptides (inventors: Y.L., Y.W., H.G., X.L., L.L., and X.Z.).