Tracking two decades of global gallium stocks and flows: A dynamic material flow analysis

•Global primary Ga consumption has surged from 101 tons in 2000 to 432 tons in 2021 due to the spread of low-carbon technologies.•Between 2000 and 2021, the loss of Ga in semi-finished product manufacturing totaled 3259.2 tons, equivalent to 59% of primary Ga cumulative consumption.•The global Ga stock reached 956.7 tons in 2021 with significant recycling potential.•Improving the circularity of Ga can be achieved through advanced manufacturing techniques and reinforcing collection and recycling processes in the open-loop recycling sector.