Bilberries as valuable sources of polyphenols with health-promoting properties

Subject of research: Vaccinium uliginosum L. (swamp blueberry) and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (black blueberry) are species of the Vaccinium genus belonging to the Ericaceae family. The fruits of these plants are characterized by a high content of biologically active polyphenols, in particular anthocyanins. These chemical compounds are responsible for the therapeutic potential of the berries and their red-purple-blue coloration. Anthocyanins from blueberries have been shown in studies to have strong antioxidant properties as well as biological potential that can be used in the prevention of cancer and lifestyle diseases. There are also studies indicating the antibacterial activity of polyphenols found in berries. Bilberry berries are used to produce jams and juices commonly available in Europe. These products may constitute a valuable source of polyphenols. However, it should be noted that the method of blueberry breeding and processing affects the final content of active substances in the product. Research goal: Systematizing the currently available knowledge regarding polyphenols found in the fruits of V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus. Methods: In preparation of the literature review for this work, the PubMed search engine using the MEDLINE database was used. The article includes articles from the last 20 years. Results: This study reviews the latest literature on the content and identification of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols and phenolic acids in black bilberry and bog bilberry. Works on the biological activity of polyphenols present in V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus, demonstrated in in vivo and in vitro tests, are also described. Polyphenols derived from berries of the Vaccinium genus may also be an active ingredient in dietary supplements designed to support the proper functioning of the eyes and blood vessels. Clinical studies confirm the benefits of using V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus supplementation while maintaining a proper diet. Conclusions: Due to their therapeutic values and rich phytochemical composition, blueberry fruit extracts and products are a potential ingredient of functional food. Such preparations could be targeted at patients at risk of metabolic (diabetes) and cancer diseases.